Dissecting Clarkes Cosmological Argument - 796 Words

Dissecting Clarke’s Cosmological Argument In the following paper, I will outline Samuel Clarke’s â€Å"Modern Formulation of the Cosmological Argument† and restate some of the points that he makes. Samuel Clarke’s argument for the existence of God states that â€Å"There has existed from eternity some one unchangeable and independent being† (37). The argument follows a logical flow and can be better understood when the structure is laid out and the argument reconstructed. Clarke begins his argument with a use of disjunctive syllogism, a form of valid logical reasoning that proposes two outcomes, denies one, and thus proves the other to be true. Clarke’s premise states that one of the two following statements must be true: either there has†¦show more content†¦He states that since the series of dependent beings couldn’t be caused by any external or internal source, that it would have to be cause â€Å"absolutely by nothing†. He then states that this is a â€Å"contradiction to be done in time; and because duration in this case makes no difference.† He also states that it is a â€Å"contradiction to suppose it done from eternity.† Since the universe has parts that come into existence at one occasion and not another, it must have a cause. There could supposedly be an infinite regress of causes if there was evidence for such, but lacking such evidence, God must exist as the cause. Clarke does not specifical ly identify God at any point in his argument. He ends with â€Å"There must be on the contrary, of necessity have existed from eternity, some one immutable and independent Being† (37). Whatever one chooses to call this â€Å"Being†, it is the one unchangeable and independent being that Clarke attempts to prove the existence of in his argument. Works Cited Feinberg, Joel, and Russ Shafer-Landau. Reason and Responsibility, Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy. 14th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2008.

Overcoming Prejudices and Self Acceptance-the Color Purple

Overcoming Prejudices for Self Acceptance Throughout Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, the main character, Celie, reveals all of the hardships she has endured during her life. Celie confides in her younger sister, Nettie, and God to express the way she feels in certain situations. As the story progresses, Celie eventually finds her voice and breaks away from all the men who oppressed her during her life. For the duration of the novel, prejudice becomes a reoccurring theme. Not only does Celie struggle with the external prejudices of sexism and racism, but she also struggles with the internal prejudices toward herself. By using Celie’s struggles as an example, Walker teaches the reader that one must overcome prejudices in order to†¦show more content†¦Whites and blacks could not create friendships and could not talk unless it was for business purposes. The roles of races play a major role in understanding the attitudes during this time period. With the understanding of the roles that the blacks a nd whites played in society, one can infer that Celie had to overcome more struggles than what she had originally dealt with in order to blossom and become herself. In ultimately finding herself at the end of the novel, Celie had to overcome the internal prejudices against herself. With the use of Shug Avery in the novel, Walker displays the hardships Celie must face with her new found sexuality. Because this relationship uses different and new feelings it â€Å"evokes so profound an erotic awakening that Celie believes she was still a virgin prior to it† (Hankinson). When Celie begins to have feelings for Shug, they start out innocent and then become more serious. She describes a night that they spent together when she says, â€Å"Me and Shug sound asleep. Her back to me, my arms round her waist† (Walker 116). Celie begins to allow her feelings with Shug to become reality and shows that she does not have the shy personality that everyone thinks she does. Celie breaks out of her inner prejudices again when she confides in her sister, Nettie. Celie begins to yell at the dinner table one night when she could no longer takeShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWork–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect OrganizationalRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesrich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP,

Information Security Management Government â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Information Security Management Government? Answer: Introducation The above diagram illustrates the issues along with the risks associated with the VIC government information security. Within the figure 1, certain entities has been presented that are highly recommended by VIC government for the establishment of ISMS or Information Security Risk Management System. There is single block in the diagram that several cyber security threats like Malware infections, Eavesdropping, DDoS and Theft. The information security threats that has been presented within the diagram are categorized into two sections, deliberate and accidental. These two types of threats further can be divided into two sections called internal and external. The information security guidelines of the VIC government entails that on the basis of the risk assessment the implementation of the ISMS and code of practice in order to choose security configuration (ISO/IEC.AS/NZS 17799:2001) must be done. Therefore, in the figure 1, the risk assessment procedure has been described as way of dea ling with the risks with the stages like Risk Recognition, Investigation, Evaluation and Documentation. Analysis of the Deliberate and Accidental Threats: Accidental threats are generated because of the mistakes and negligence. The issues in the working behavior of the internal stakeholders can be the reason behind the occurrence of data security risk (Jouini, Rabai Aissa, 2014). The mistakes, can be considered as risks such as programming error leads to system crash, may also lead to vulnerability such as a PC screen left unattended might be abused by an unapproved client. It is specifically a significant threat that occurs due to the weekly configured security features and configurations and exploit the gaps in the programming. Taken as an example, the running systems and databases that are not updated or patched with current version are vulnerable to new security threats. Such threats may be the result of double dealing yet are well while in transit to be accidental errors or rejections (Kaaniche, 2015). The threats can affect in the following way: Improper decision making process; Harming the business capability; The possibility of losing the open picture; Financial misfortune (Jouini, Rabai Aissa, 2014) Legal liabilities; Fall of Considerations obligation ; The cost of business maintenance will rise tremendously. Deliberate Threats: These kinds of threats incorporate the continuous extermination or control over the data or application. The possible sources of this threat is consisting of improper staff or predetermined staff, coders, experts, consumers, cyber attackers, mobile operators and many more (Jouini, Rabai Aissa, 2014). Deliberate threats can result into the loss of privacy, unauthorized access, loss of loyalty between organization and third party, dependability, loss of information and many more. The following list represents the types of outcome of deliberate threats: Financial breakdown; The possibility of losing the open picture; Improper decision making process (Pettit, Croxton Fiksel, 2013); Legal liabilities; Fall of consideration's obligation ; Death or Injury toll; Unauthorized access to the SLA to the Government of Public sector; Losing the ability to perform the regular tasks. Ranking of threats in order of importance The impact of the deliberate threats are much higher than the accidental threats. This makes the deliberate threat more significant to consider. The deliberate threats are uncontrollable and these threats cannot be identified before its occurrence (Huth et al., 2013). It has been recognized after conducting an analysis that the aim level can reasonably guide the risk within the upcoming ten years span. The outcome of the impact on the ISMS for the occurrence of the threats like deliberate and accidental has been presented in the following manner. Very High: In case of deliberate threat, it is being closely observed that it is international in its level. Moreover, it has the capability of affecting the objective that are associated with major occasions and people. It is also able to employ the risk that can destroy the risk and position as needed. High: Accidental threats are able of harming or weaken the objective of the collections along with specific assisting point may be re-constructed up or convalesced. However, the cost of mitigating the threats are irrational. Justification of the rankings The analysis that has been done about the threats made it clear that the method of mitigating the threats must be able to protecting the VIC website as it is the source of communication between the government and users. It categorizes a collection of criteria and includes it into the security configuration to protect the ISMS from the threats. Deliberate threats is located as high as it can be positioned for naturally controlling by the VIC government and information recovery. Moreover, target is worrying as if there must be an event of accompanying threat as well as target may be recuperated with particular expertise support. Challenges of Security/Risk Management Internally or Externally: There are various issues that the VIC government has to face for selecting whether the risk management approach must be carried out from internally or externally (Webb et al., 2014). The primary reason behind this challenge is the nonexistence of any Information Security Management System. The risk management has proved itself as a high recommendable approach even for the most consolidated government organization. Irrespective of being able to handle most of the risks through the risk management, the enterprises are working continuously to improve this approach. The threat filtering option provides the visibility within the possible regions of the system that are needed to be improved. The challenges are presented in the following section. Arranging Requirements: Considering the demographic perspective, the VIC government requires to assign higher effort for positioning the structure appropriately for the financial enhancement (Pachauri, Srivastava Trivedi, 2014). However, the government is not able to do so adequately. Information Propriety: It can be considered as another issue that the VIC government come across due to nonexistence of information security management. The security level in the government is not up to appropriate degree thus accelerating information is possible. Foundation of VIC: The VIC does not use security that is updated properly as per present situation. The difference between Risk and Uncertainty: In general, the risk can be considered as the outcome of activity done or not done, within a particular situation that might be able to bring harm to the information framework (Beck et al., 2016). The risk is also known as the outcome of threats. Threats can occur from various situations such as internal and external and can be handled with proper risks management technique. Within the financial term, the significance of risk is not a unique entity. In another word the risk can be considered as the result of a particular event that is arising (Park et al., 2013). The outcome of the risks is dependent upon the frequency and likelihood of the event occurs within a particular span of time. Through the identification of impact of the risk, how serious the risk is determined. Most of the time the risk matrix is used for identifying the severity of the risk. The information risk is mainly associated with cyber threats. The internal threats are cyber hacks, DDoS and much more (Dixit Skeath, 2015). The internal risks are a physical attack, virus and much more. Both the types of risks are very crucial to identify and mitigate. The process of handling cyber threats are different for different risks. Through the uncertainty phrase the absence of something that is unknown to the organizations and users. It implies the existence of several alternatives in a particular situation that achieve a particular result. However, the probability of occurrence and result cannot be identified. This is considered to the outcome of low data presence or inability of recognizing the current situation. This makes it hard to forecast the result of future occurrences (Heckmann, Comes Nickel, 2015). Ineffectiveness is calculable through quantitative conditions via the previous models. Simultaneously, possibilities may not be linked with the possible results as the probability of occurrence is not clear. The essential differences between the risk and vulnerability are as follows. The risk is distinguished as the situation of gaining or losing profit. The uncertainty is the situation when a person has no clue regarding the occurrences of the future. The hypothetical models are utilized by the responsible personnel for identifying, calculating and analyzing the risks. There is no sense in measuring the uncertainty quantitatively. It is because the forecasting the future incidents are not measurable (Pinchoff et al., 2016). The negative result of an event is considered as risk, and the source of the uncertainty is not identifiable The risks are controlled through various techniques that are based on the theories (Chiu et al., 2014). It is possible because tracking the source of the risk is possible. Moreover, the most severe risks are already known. However, the uncertainty cannot be controlled in some predefined way. It is best to improvise the control method as per the situation. Minimization of risk should be possible, by avoiding potential risk. Instead of the instability that cannot be limited. Discuss, and Evaluation of Different Approaches Available to the VIC for Risk Control and Mitigation: Risk Control Approaches: Avoidance: Avoidance is among best strategies for setback control. This is by, as the name recommends, associations are avoiding the risk altogether. In case your attempts at keeping up a vital separation from the hardship have been productive, by then there is a no probability that associations will encounter the evil impacts of that particular threat factor, at any rate (Yang, Shieh Tzeng, 2013). This is the reason avoidance is the initial of the threat control approaches that are focused upon. This is a method for systematically discarding a risk. Loss Prevention: This control strategy is a framework that resolves of containment, instead of slaughters. As opposed to keeping up a vital separation from a threat absolutely, this framework identifies a risk but tries to restrict the threat as an outcome. Taken as an example, securing stock within a scattering focus concludes that it is feeble to theft (Laudon Laudon, 2016). Regardless, since there genuinely is no genuine approach to keep up a vital separation from it, a disaster neutralizing activity application is configured for restricting the threat. This application may join monitoring security ensures, safeguarded storerooms and camcorders. Loss Reduction: This is a control strategy that recognizes risk, and in addition recognizes the way that hardship may happen due to the threat. This framework will attempt to constrain the setback if there should be an occurrence or something to that effect of a threat. For example, an association may need to store ignitable material in a dispersion focus (Pinchoff et al., 2015). Association organization comprehends this is a basic threat and presents best manufactured water sprinklers within the movement effort. In case of a fire occurs, measure of the event will be compelled. Separation: This is a control approach that includes disseminating primary resources. It makes sure that if anything irrelevant happens at a region, the influence to the organization is restricted to the benefits particularly at that area. Alternatively, in case of all advantages would present in that area, by then the organization would escalate in contradiction of a liberally better test (Laudon Laudon, 2016). An instance of this is the time when an association uses a geologically upgraded staff. Duplication: This risk control approach fundamentally includes the creation of a provision plan. It is as frequently as possible basic with implementation. A disaster within an information systems server ought not to pass on the whole business to a stop. Or maybe, a fortification over server should be instantly available for getting to if the fundamental server crashes and burns. Another duplication example as a threat control method is the time while an organization utilizes the benefits of a disaster recovery strategy. Diversification: This threat control approach that apportions business assets regarding different make lines of business that offer various things and additionally organizations in diverse endeavours (Yang, Shieh Tzeng, 2013). With expanding, a tremendous wage threat from one line of business would not make miserable devilishness the association's essential concern. Risk Mitigation Approaches: Risk Acceptance: The risk acceptance does not lead to a reduction in the impact of the risk though it is considered as a strategy of mitigating risk. Within various projects, this strategy can be seen as a regular option as the charge of the risk handling preferences such as limitation or avoidance be greater than the risk (Pinchoff et al., 2015). The risk acceptance strategy will be used by VIC if the impact of the risk is not severe. Risk Avoidance: Risk avoidance can be considered as the opposite process of risk acceptance. VIC will be using the risk avoidance strategy to avoid any coverage of the risk from its information security. Among all the risk mitigation strategy, the risk avoidance is the most expensive mitigation strategy. Risk Limitation: Various business uses this risk limitation strategy in terms of most of the cases. This implies that organizations must limit its exposure to taking some actions. Both the risk acceptance and avoidance strategies (Flanagin et al., 2014). Taken as an example, the risk limitation strategy which VIC will use for accepting that the magnetic tape that holds data may fail and evade an extended span of failure through having backups Risk Transference: The risk transference is considered to be processed which hands the task over to a third party, willing to manage risk. Taken as an example, various organizations outsource particular activities such as payroll services, customer services and much more. This may be advantageous regarding an organization on the basis of the fact that the risk not associated with the core aspects of the organization. Reference List: Beck, N. B., Becker, R. A., Erraguntla, N., Farland, W. H., Grant, R. L., Gray, G., ... Pottenger, L. H. (2016). Approaches for describing and communicating overall uncertainty in toxicity characterizations: US Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) as a case study. Environment international, 89, 110-128. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk. Information Systems Journal, 24(1), 85-114. Dixit, A. K., Skeath, S. (2015). Games of Strategy: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Flanagin, A. J., Metzger, M. J., Pure, R., Markov, A., Hartsell, E. (2014). Mitigating risk in ecommerce transactions: perceptions of information credibility and the role of user-generated ratings in product quality and purchase intention. Electronic Commerce Research, 14(1), 1-23. Heckmann, I., Comes, T., Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling. Omega, 52, 119-132. Huth, C. L., Chadwick, D. W., Claycomb, W. R., You, I. (2013). Guest editorial: A brief overview of data leakage and insider threats. Information Systems Frontiers, 15(1), 1-4. Jouini, M., Rabai, L. B. A., Aissa, A. B. (2014). Classification of security threats in information systems. Procedia Computer Science, 32, 489-496. Kaaniche, M. (2015). Resilience Assessment: Accidental and Malicious Threats. In VECoS (p. 9). Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016). Management information system. Pearson Education India. Pachauri, S., Srivastava, R., Trivedi, U. B. (2014). Cloud-computing: Challenges, Security and Solutions Using, SaaS. Park, J., Seager, T. P., Rao, P. S. C., Convertino, M., Linkov, I. (2013). Integrating risk and resilience approaches to catastrophe management in engineering systems. Risk Analysis, 33(3), 356-367. Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., Fiksel, J. (2013). Ensuring supply chain resilience: development and implementation of an assessment tool. Journal of Business Logistics, 34(1), 46-76. Pinchoff, J., Chaponda, M., Shields, T., Lupiya, J., Kobayashi, T., Mulenga, M., ... Curriero, F. C. (2015). Predictive malaria risk and uncertainty mapping in Nchelenge District, Zambia: Evidence of widespread, persistent risk and implications for targeted interventions. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 93(6), 1260-1267. Webb, J., Ahmad, A., Maynard, S. B., Shanks, G. (2014). A situation awareness model for information security risk management. Computers security, 44, 1-15. Yang, Y. P. O., Shieh, H. M., Tzeng, G. H. (2013). A VIKOR technique based on DEMATEL and ANP for information security risk control assessment. Information Sciences, 232, 482-500.

What is Love an Example by

What is Love? Love is incomprehensible; it always has been, and always will be. That fact (and it is a fact, if anything since the dawn of man can be called absolute) explains the continuous, often fruitful stream of attempts to capture its meaning. For some, love is defined by a specific kind of domesticity, the fulfillment of convention set by examples from parents, religion, and commercial advertisements. Artists and brutes alike have killed themselves or others in the name of loves tortures, which of course the horrific consequences of love and happiness with another. Need essay sample on "What is Love?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Numbers and love are odd bedfellows, as the isolating nature of love is, for many, its most precious attribute, a warm respite from the infinite plurality of everyone, everything else. If one is the loneliest number, as asserted over and over again since Harry Nilssons song popularized a truly depressing notion into catchy hooks for denim and frozen food advertisements, then we might assume that it takes two living beings for love to exist. Any happily married cultural traditionalist will tell you that threesomes are for sluts, and sluts dont love; their relationships are a string of sad jokes, doomed to failure because of their own sexual sabotage and an inability to separate lust from love. Marriage supports this dualistic definition of love, but a barrage of counterpoints divorce, remarriage, plural marriage, lifelong love without marriage, the legal and religious perversions of the words basic definition, etc. reveals the faade easily enough. Any real effort to tackle the consideration of these conflicting dynamics, causes an immediate headache, with more serious symptoms coming later, like being irrevocably jaded to love before turning 25. This is, admittedly, a tangent, a technical distraction from the larger conversation that serves to exemplify an essential point in the eternal quest to define love: it isnt possible. Its why well never stop trying. Possibility is a universal element that manifests itself whenever love begins to define a relationship. The possibility of a future defined by the great mutual loves of two lives, becoming one, weighed against the equally monumental possibility of failure this may be the closest to defining the amorous, abysmal abstract without posing a threat to the collective sanity of, as Shakespeare so perfectly dubbed us, fools in love. Logic, the opposite of love, is the key to any hope of successfully reconciling these two extremes of possibility. The space between is an ecstatic static, breeding insecurity, jealousy, confidence and seed after seed of potential for a life of peaceful coexistence. This rough list of examples, it must be said, is also true on the spectrum of possibility for possession, with which love is often and tragically confused. To brave the dramatic seas of love with any hope for survival without succumbing to the festering complacency of relational routine, communicate. When problems arise, the obvious need for communication often self-destructs before it is allowed to prove its invaluable power to keep love alive. Listening is more important than talking, and momentary reactions are almost always tempered by some later apology, and a sad stab at explaining what I really meant to say. Sex and love are inextricable, at least to humans. Unlike the rest of the Animal Kingdom, we have instinctual drives for both. To determine our preferences for combining the two, we must logically dictate physical and emotional feeling to maximum benefit. Loveless sex is considered far superior to making love by a great many, but the very fact that it is considered at all proves the fundamental need for logic and love to form a marriage of their own. Logical intervention is a frequent friend to the love-drunk tendencies within us all, acting as the designated driver for healthy communication about sex, about jealousy, about the potential for success and failure in equal measure and everything in between to navigate the perilous debris of love and get the smart ones home. What started as a dinner and a movie will never amount to much more without stopping to think, listen and talk, in that order. Those doomed first dates that followed dinner with the movie Love Story, famous for its definition of love, are probably a huge factor in the skyrocketing divorce rates of decades since. Love means never having to say youre sorry is a calamitous lie, as the exact opposite is infinitely truer. References Crooks, Robert L., & Baur, Karla. (2008) Our Sexuality. Wadsworth Cengage Learning

Taoism And Confucianism Essays - Taoism, Reincarnation, Shabda

Taoism And Confucianism Taoism It is always present in you. You can use it anyway you want. -- Lao-tzu Taoism is one of the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. The other philosophy native to China is Confucianism. Both Taoism and Confucianism began at about the same time, around the sixth century B.C. China's third great religion, Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the common era. Together, these three faiths have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Although not accepted by our beliefs, its understanding helps build strength in our own religion. Reincarnation, life after death, beliefs are not standardized between the religions. Each religion has a different way of applying this concept to its beliefs. Ignorance of these beliefs is a sign of weakness in the mind. To truly und erstand ones own religion, one must also understand those concepts of the other religions of the world. Hopefully this will be enlightenment on the reincarnation concepts as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism. The goal in Taoism is to achieve Tao, to find the way. Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything in it. Tao is sometimes identified as the Mother, or the source of all things. That source is not a god or a Supreme Being as with Christians, for Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead on coming into harmony with Tao. Tao is the essence of everything that is right, and complications exist only because people choose to complicate their own lives. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as hindrances to a harmonious life. It is only when one rids himself of all desires can Tao be achieved. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is a ble to concentrate on life itself. The longer the one's life, the closer to Tao one is presumed to have become. Eventually the hope is to become immortal, to achieve Tao, to have reached the deeper life. This is the afterlife for a Taoist -- to be in harmony with the universe. To understand the relationship between life and the Taoism concept of life and death, the origin of the word Tao must be understood. The Chinese character for Tao is a combination of two characters that represent the words head and foot. The character for foot represents a person's direction or path. The character for head represents a conscious choice. The character for head also suggests a beginning, and foot, an ending. Thus the character for Tao also conveys the continuing course of the universe, the circle of heaven and earth. Finally, the character for Tao represents the Taoist notion that the eternal Tao is both moving and unmoving. The head in the character means the beginning, the source of all things , or Tao itself, which never moves or changes; the foot is the movement on the path. Taoism upholds the belief in the survival of the spirit after death. To have attained the human form must be always a source of joy for the Taoist. It is truly a reason to rejoice because despite whatever is lost, life always endures. Taoists believe birth is not a beginning and death is not an end. There is an existence without limit. There is continuity without a starting point. Applying reincarnation theory to Taoism is the belief that the soul never dies, a person's soul is eternal. It is possible to see death in contrast to life; both are unreal and changing. One's soul does not leave the world into the unknown, for it can never go away. Therefore there is no fear to come with death. In the writings of The Tao Te Ching, Tao is described as having existed before heaven and earth. Tao is formless; it stands alone without change and reaches everywhere without harm.

Essay The Grammar of Nebrijia

Essay The Grammar of Nebrijia Essay The Grammar of Nebrijia The Grammar of Nebrija was a book written Antonio de Nebrija and was published in the year of 1492. Antonio de Nebrija was a Spanish scholar, historian, teacher, and poet well known for writing this book which for the idea of learning Spanish and the breakdown of the language with thought being given to the breakdown of the language along the lines of phonetics, verb conjugation, etc. Spanish is known as Castilian because the language originated in Castile a region in Spain; Spanish also has basis in Latin with some the words and phrases of the language being similar to that of French and other languages based out of Latin. The Grammar of Nebrija is often credited as one of the first published grammars of a Romance language, and it set the standard for subsequent colonial grammars. It was the first book of their kind to written for European language and also for Spanish. The book also included rules for the Spanish language including grammar and also included verbal conjugation for readers of that present era to gain an understanding of the Spanish language. The book was divided further into books which included orthography which is the method of spelling and having to do with the Spanish alphabet; prosody which is the rhythm and the intonation of the speech which is intended to help the speaker pronounce and speak Spanish how it is intended. The book also included Etymology which is the study of the basis of the word or how the word came to be; diction which is how the words in Spanish are intended to pronounced and syntax which is the study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language. Antonio de Nebrija wrote The Grammar of Nebrijia in 1492 which was around the time Columbus decided to sail to across the Indian Ocean to discover a shorter path to India; this book was mostly helpful for Columbus. Since he landed in what he thought was India, he discovered natives and Spanish was introduced; the de facto decision became to teach the natives Spanish and strip of their native tongue which would allow Spanish to be the primary language spoken. Antonio de Nebrija’s intention for writing and publishing The Grammar of Nebrija was so that people who didn’t and couldn’t understand Spanish would be able to learn and understand Spanish. His book set the groundwork for many of today’s books and language learning programs that assist people in learning a new language for example the Rosetta Stone which is a technology based computer program that assists people in learning a brand new language without the difficulty of tapes and books. Antonio de Nebrija believed that language and grammar should be embraced and not viewed upon as being hard and ugly. He felt that learning Spanish would have the Spanish Empire move ahead and conquer more territory than that of the English. This was very prophetic considering since The Grammar of Nebrijia was subsequently published the same year Columbus ventured out on the Santa Maria along with three other ships and his men on a quest to seek a new and better path to India than the long and arduous one that Columbus had been taking beforehand. "Language has always been the perfect instrument of empire." Antonio de Nebrija stated this in the Granidtica Castellana. The vision of Antonio de Nebrija, Bishop of Avila, as stated in the prologue of the Castilian Grammar he published in 1492, was one that was to prove prophetic in the following years, as the Spanish Empire extended its reign across the Atlantic. It was prophetic, in that throughout the conquest of the Americas, and the centuries of colonialism, language was used by the Spanish as a tool for conquest: to consolidate political power, to spread the Catholic faith, and to unify the empire. The language policies in the colonial period, however, were not always aimed at spreading the Spanish language. In some situations, Spanish was used as a medium for control, whereas in others, Spaniards employed the Native

Political Science - Foreign Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science - Foreign Affairs - Essay Example Some of the major reasons include commercial rivalries, religion, dynastic and territorial conflicts. The Thirty Years War began when the Roman emperor, Ferdinand II tried to impose the Roman Catholic absolutism on his empire. Consequently, the protestant nobles of Australia and Bohemia conflicted and rebelled against the decision of King Ferdinand for five years. In 1625, a dispute between Denmark and Germany arose where Denmark wanted to gain valuable territory in Germany. Sweden also conflicted with Poland where they fought for four years until 1929. After a struggle with Sweden, Poland attacked Russia, and the struggle lasted for five years. The wars were mainly fueled by political ambitions of some European countries to capture and exploit resources of others nations. In addition, religious conflicts accelerated the war since European countries were divided into three main religious groups. These included Calvinism, Roman Catholicism, and Lutheranism. Other participants in the war included France and Spain. According to the current situation in the Middle East, it is true that the region is experiencing a similar situation experienced in Europe during the Thirty Years War. Middle East is the home of many terrorist based groups such as Al-Qaida and Taliban. These sectarian and communal identities are eventually becoming more powerful and armed than national rules. In addition, conflicts in the Middle East are based on natural resource endowments, territorial rivalry, and religious affiliations. The outside actors such as the UN, NATO, and other peace organizations are unwilling and unable to stabilize the Middle East region completely. In his article â€Å"The Unraveling† Haass states clearly that the international order, especially the Post-Cold War order, is unraveling. Challenges facing the international laws are mainly global. Some of these challenges include cross-border terrorists flows, greenhouse gas emissions